India is known globally for its diverse embroidery styles, originating from different states and regions that elevate dresses to another level. The traditional art form of embroidery is rooted deep in our culture and history and can be traced as far back as the Indus Valley civilization. It also represents the different cultures spread across different parts of India.
For centuries, embroidery has served as an expression of our artistic traditions and heritage. In addition to being a form of storytelling that preserves ancient narratives that have been passed down through generations, embroidery has played a significant role in providing livelihoods to talented artisans across our nation.
Embroidery has always played a significant role in the designs of outfits and has kept evolving, influenced by a variety of cultures and traditions in Indian culture. In this article, we explore the different embroidery styles prominent in India, their distinct features, and their significance in our culture and traditions.
Regional Varieties of Indian Embroidery
Each region of India boasts a distinctive embroidery style with its unique techniques, designs, and aesthetics. From the detailed Kantha in West Bengal to the vibrant Phulkari in Punjab, the range of embroidery styles in India is astonishing.
The range of varieties in embroidery styles in our country is amazing, each with its peculiar methods and characteristics. We will now take you on a journey across some of the most popular embroidery styles:
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Chikankari
This delicate, graceful technique is believed to have been brought to India by Noor Jehan, the wife of Emperor Jahangir. Over 300 years old, Lucknow is the heart of Chikankari, known for its finesse and elegance. Around 40 stitches are part of the Chikankari style, with around 30 still in use today, including flat stitches, openwork zaal stitches, and embossed stitches. -
Kantha
With its roots in Bengal and Odisha’s rural regions, this ancient art form has evolved into a revered technique known for its intricate patterns and motifs that create a mesmerizing visual effect. It typically consists of simple stitches like the darning stitch, running stitch, and satin stitch, which, when combined, form eye-catching patterns and designs. -
Phulkari
Known for its colorful and detailed designs, this centuries-old craft has evolved over the years but still retains its timeless charm. The process involves using colorful thread to make intricate designs on dresses. Some common designs include net embroidery, often used on kurtas and sarees, and floral embroidery, which is used to embellish tunics or salwar kameezes. -
Zardozi
This embroidery technique originated in the 16th century when gold or metallic threads with precious stones were used to convert clothes into luxury items for the rich. The detailed and ornate patterns on the fabric create stunning and long-lasting designs that add glamour to dresses. Creating designs with this method requires a high level of talent and effort on the part of the artisan. Even making a single piece of zardozi can take several hours or even days. -
Aari
The name of this embroidery form comes from the hooked, sharp needle used for this technique. In Rajasthan and Gujarat, colorful cotton or silk pat threads are used with a range of decorations in geometric or floral patterns. In Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, Aari is more stylized and is executed using zari threads, stone works, or other elaborate embellishments. -
Gota
This popular art form features zari threads that may be gold-plated, composed of silver or copper, dipped in silver or gold color. Though considered a symbol of luxury in earlier times, it has become more affordable now and is seen in outfits worn at weddings and festive occasions. Gota is a challenging technique that requires skilled artisans to devote eight to nine hours or a whole day to craft a single design. -
Shisha or Mirrorwork
This beautiful and intricate form of art, introduced in India in the 17th century, adds shine and sparkle to dresses and accessories. Artisans attach small mirrors or reflective pieces using various stitches and techniques. The reflective quality of mirrors brings a playful element to the outfit’s appearance, scattering lights as the person moves. Historically, mirrorwork was used to decorate royal attire and add glamour to them. The age-old technique has been reinvented in modern times to cater to contemporary tastes, blending tradition and innovation.
Contemporary Trends in Indian Embroidery
Trends keep evolving in the dynamic world of embroidery, with artisans combining traditional techniques with modern innovations to create extraordinary designs. For example, digital embroidery art with graphics, illustrations, and photographs is being used to create visually stunning pieces. Mixed-media embroidery combines it with other art forms like textile art, collage, or paintings to create waves with innovative designs.
Exploration of contemporary designers and brands incorporating embroidery techniques
When discussing the incorporation of traditional embroidery techniques with modern designs, designers like Sabyasachi Mukherjee and Manish Malhotra come to mind.
Sabyasachi’s creations, especially for bridal outfits, have gained international acclaim. His dresses are well-known for their meticulous embroidery work, featuring intricate motifs ranging from floral patterns to traditional designs inspired by art and architecture. He is known for using zardozi, gota patti, sequin embellishments, and other techniques that give his creations a luxurious look.
Manish Malhotra is another designer who needs no introduction. His stunning bridal creations have been part of many high-profile weddings. The outfits stand apart for their attention to detail and intricate embroidery, which celebrates India’s rich cultural heritage.
Preservation and Promotion of Indian Embroidery
Efforts are being made to preserve and promote Indian embroidery techniques. Artisans belonging to family lineages with centuries-old traditions are being trained to master intricate stitches and patterns of their craft. NGOs and other organizations are providing training programs, design assistance, and access to markets to ensure that these traditional techniques remain relevant in this constantly changing world.
Initiatives to Promote Indian Embroidery
Many initiatives have been taken to preserve and strengthen India’s heritage and embroidery techniques. One example is the Utthan scheme, in which the Indian government teamed up with luxury hand embroidery artisans to empower 50.000 artisans by 2020.
The Ministry of Textiles provided financial aid of INR 76.6 crores to 91 handloom clusters in 2022, and it bore the cost of looms and accessories of 1109 weavers under the Hatkargha Sambardhan Sahayata scheme. The Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship provides short-term and long-term vocational training to women to promote employment opportunities.
These steps give us hope that this age-old traditional art form is poised to thrive in this digital age and will continue to mesmerize the world with its timeless beauty and cultural significance.
Undoubtedly, Indian embroidery plays an important role in rural and marginalized communities, providing employment opportunities to many artisans, especially women. Embroidery is a sustainable livelihood option for many families. Hence, no effort should be spared to promote this art form and the unsung artisans behind the beautiful creations. By supporting and preserving this rich tradition, we celebrate India’s rich cultural heritage and ensure this exquisite craft is preserved for future generations.
Embrace the beauty and heritage of Indian embroidery and let it enhance your wardrobe while supporting the artisans who have kept this timeless art alive.